VAT - a killer for some small businesses

The quarterly VAT bill.

It can literally be the death knell for some small businesses. The worst affected are those who deal with 'Joe public' rather than trading with other businesses in competitive sectors like retail and the trades.

Unlike VAT registered businesses, individuals cannot recover any VAT charged on to them so the VAT is just part of the price they pay. If the VAT registered business is competing with other businesses who are not VAT registered this makes things even more difficult.

Businesses on the cusp of the VAT registration threshold of £85,000 feel the pain the most. They don't quite have the volume or profit to be financially comfortable and they have the double whammy of charging and paying VAT and being less competitive.

Many are faced with the 'Hobson's choice' of keeping their businesses small and staying below the VAT registration threshold or going for growth and volume and dealing with the extra cost and administration of VAT

So how can small businesses manage the dreaded VAT and stay solvent and viable?

Well firstly they should investigate whether any of the special VAT schemes will help. There are retail schemes, a flat rate scheme, a cash accounting scheme and others. Choosing the right scheme can save on tax and also make administration simpler. Your accountant should be able to help you evaluate which scheme (if any) is best for you.

The next thing is to 'know your numbers'. I would strongly recommend modelling your business profits, allowing for VAT and ensure that you can achieve your desired profits and the business model 'stands up'.

What is not generally an option is to split your business into two or more smaller businesses to keep one or both of the businesses below the VAT threshold. HMRC would consider this to be an 'artificial separation of trade' if the purpose of splitting the businesses is to avoid paying VAT.

Examples of artificial separation could be:

• a pub which separates drinks and catering.
• a retail outlet which opens a smaller branch or branches but the branches have the same brand, ownership and resources.
• an entertainer with business (VAT registered) customers and non business (not VAT registered) customers.

If HMRC investigate a case of 'artificial separation' and the business is at fault the arrears of tax and penalties can be significant, not to mention the stress caused by a lengthy tax enquiry.

So there is no easy fix for the smallest businesses to deal with VAT

With care and planning it can be managed however and the most important factor is the underlying business model

VAT is just a cost of doing business.

The passive or disorganised business owner will blame VAT for all their woes.

The savvy and proactive owner will accept that it is something which needs to be dealt with and adapt accordingly

www.base52.co.uk

A case for outsourcing

In the early days of running a business, often the business owner does a bit of everything. Looking after customers, sure, but doing the accounts, paying the bills, fixing the computer, cleaning up, sorting out problems and anything else that comes along too. The phrase, 'Chief cook and bottle washer' describes it well. From the interesting and important stuff to the plain boring and mundane, it all needs to get done...somehow.

As the business grows the business owner might start to bring in help. They then need to decide what tasks to let go of and what they need to keep hold of. Michael Gerber's, 'E-Myth' describes this dilemma well. He advocates that over time the business owner should delegate the 'technical' stuff and in due course, the 'managerial' stuff and end up being the entrepreneur who develops and guides the business. It's a difficult journey and many don't stay the course. Many stay stuck in the mire of dealing with technical matters, often where they are not an expert and fail to focus on developing their businesses.

A good solution can be outsourcing. Outsourcing is passing responsibility for a set of tasks to an external party, usually a specialist in this line of work. There are many advantages but these include:

• It's often cheaper than employing someone to do this work for you as you only pay for the support you need
• They are are experts and have the knowledge and resources to do the work better than you can
• It's scaleable - as you grow or contract you can adjust your level of support accordingly
• It leaves you to focus on the entrepreneurial stuff

 It's almost a no-brainer but I see many businesses of a reasonable size who deal with their own IT (if something breaks they get someone in to fix it), have no HR back up, do their own marketing (when they get time) and yes, do their own bookkeeping, payroll and VAT, not always in the most effective way

Since starting Base52 we made an early decision to outsource IT and HR support, website maintenance and aspects of marketing. I've never regretted this. It's a monthly overhead but I feel it is an essential cost of 'doing business'. Similarly we offer an outsourced accounting service to many of our clients covering bookkeeping, VAT, management accounts, payroll and well as year need compliance. I believe this arrangement works very well and many of these clients have stayed with us for many years on their business growth journey. 

I found this quote from a chap called Alphonso Jackson, 'The other part of outsourcing is this: it simply says where the work can be done outside better than it can be done inside, we should do it'. 

I think that's pretty good. Cost is also a factor of course (you'd expect an accountant to say that) but if it's affordable, I'm a big fan.

Outsourcing at Base52

VAT Flat Rate Scheme - are you getting the calculation right?

I think it's well known now that the VAT Flat Rate scheme changed with effect from 1 April this year.

The government introduced a new concept of 'Limited cost traders' (LCTs) which have expenditure on 'goods' of less than 2%.

For these LCTs, if they remain on the Flat Rate Scheme they need to use a new Flat Rate of 16.5%. Typically, many will have been management or IT consultants with 'old' flat rates of 14% or 14.5% respectively.

Ok, so that's an increase but it's still worthwhile, right? 16.5% is still less than 20% so it's still possible to make a 'profit' on the scheme? In fact, this is wrong.

Here's the maths:

VAT charged to customers on a net sale of £100. £100 x 20% = £20

VAT payable to HMRC at 16.5% Flat Rate. £120 x 16.5% = £19.80

The key thing here is the Flat Rate percentage is applied to the VAT inclusive amount. 

There is therefore virtually no benefit in remaining on the scheme as an LCT and we have advised all our clients to withdraw and change to standard VAT accounting. Even with very modest expenses which incur VAT, they are likely to be better off if they make this change

I have a suspicion that some businesses are getting this calculation wrong and still feel they gain a benefit using the 16.5% Flat Rate as an LCT. I have no hard evidence for this other than conversations I have had with several business owners who believed the new Flat Rate should be applied to net sales.

Misinterpreting the rules will not be seen as a reasonable excuse by HMRC if the VAT declared and paid is incorrect. 

So please check your calculations. The devil is in the detail and there's a big difference between net and gross sales.

https://www.base52.co.uk/factsheets/vat/vat-flat-rate-scheme

Small business has become this government's 'cash cow'

The increase in National Insurance contributions announced in the Spring Budget is the latest in a number of tax increases introduced by this government which have a negative impact on small business. The government is in need of cash and it seems like squeezing small business is a relatively easy way of swelling their coffers.

Let's explore the evidence for this. Recent tax changes targeted at small business include:

• The introduction of a dividend tax effective from April 2016
• Changes to the VAT flat rate scheme effective from April 2017
• Increase in national insurance for the self employed from April 2018
• Reduction in the tax free dividend allowance from £5,000 to £2,000 per annum from April 2018

The case put forward by the government for making these changes is that they are 'Levelling the playing field' between 'self employment' and employment. I use the term 'self employment' in its broadest sense here to include those who trade via limited companies, usually as owners (shareholders) and directors (employees). So they have set about withdrawing all the relatively minor tax breaks which were in place to support risk-taking and entrepreneurship.

The issue here is that self employment and employment are not the same and in my opinion should not be taxed in the same way. Many of the smallest businesses are already struggling to make ends meet, particularly in the early stages of their business. Many entrepreneurs do not have a pension or if they do it is often inadequate. They don't get paid if they are absent or sick. All spare funds are often put into keeping their business going and paying their employees and other costs. An extra tax burden on top of this will be hard to bear and in some cases will have a significant effect on the businesses and their owners.

The dividend tax has been introduced without so much as a murmur of protest. For a basic rate tax payer the extra tax burden will be around £2,000 per annum. There were no marches on Downing Street, no petitions on Facebook and no outcry in the Press. The changes to the VAT flat rate scheme again have passed through with little opposition although the cost to a small businesses turning over say £50,000 will be around £2,000 annually along with an increased administration burden. The National Insurance increase has generated more resistance, not least as it went back on the Tories election manifesto pledge not to increase National Insurance, Income Tax or VAT. At the time of writing the government has said the change is 'fair' and it will go ahead.

So what is the conclusion to be drawn from this? Well it seems clear to me that this government does not understand or value small business and sees it as an easy target to hoover up cash. It's an easy target as the Tories are attacking their natural constituency. There has been little protest from the opposition to these tax changes. Small businesses seem to bracketed in with 'big business' excess and tax avoidance scams and as such are seen as fair game to squeeze a bit harder. The danger with attacking your natural supporters is that when things start to bite as they will soon, you find that you cannot take your core support for granted any more.

The UK is still a good place to do business. It's relatively easy to start up and administration, although burdensome, is simpler than in many other countries. If we take away all the tax incentives for business owners we will see more businesses failing and more entrepreneurs thinking, 'What's the point'? if an increasing chunk of their endeavours goes straight into the Chancellor's purse.  Small businesses are the engine for job creation, they give our high streets their diversity and colour, they are the big businesses of the future. We need to nurture and encourage them rather than squeeze the life out of them.

www.base52.co.uk

9 things to do before the end of the tax year

It's that time of year again when some planning in the last few weeks before the end of the tax year could provide a useful tax saving.

The tax year end for individuals is 5th April 2017. Many self employed people also have their accounting year end as 5th April or 31st March to coincide with the tax year. For private limited companies, 31st March is also a common date for the year end.

Here are some ideas:

1) Buy business assets and bring forward expenditure before the year end

If you are thinking of investing in business assets - new plant & machinery, vehicles, office furniture, computer equipment it is sensible to make your purchase before the end of current financial year, rather than the start of the next one. Timing your investment could mean that you can claim your capital allowances sooner, saving on cashflow. Similarly if you are intending to carry out some repairs or maintenance work, doing this before the year end will reduce your next tax bill.

Click here for more details

2) Manage your income

If you are in the fortunate position of being able to manage your income, plan now to optimise your income for tax purposes. For example, as a company director and shareholder, you may be able to reduce salary or dividends to keep your income below the key tax thresholds of £43,000, £100,000 or £150,000. An income level of £50,000 where child benefit is withdrawn from the highest earner in a household is another key threshold to monitor.

The £100,000 threshold is particularly painful from a tax perspective as the personal allowance is withdrawn. This gives an effective rate of tax at a very painful 60% at income levels between £100,000 and £122,000. So best avoided if you don't need the income and can defer this to another year.

3) Consider the effect of the new dividend tax

A new dividend tax was introduced from 6th April 2016. This affects people who receive a significant amount of dividend income each year. There is a £5,000 dividend allowance where dividends are free of tax. Above this level however new rates of dividend tax apply for varying levels of income. 

The dividend tax has a significant impact on business owners who may be used to drawing a relatively high proportion of their income as dividends. If possible the higher rate dividend rate of 32.5% is best avoided by capping gross income at the basic rate threshold of £43,000. Gifting shares to a spouse so that they can utilise the dividend allowance may be appropriate in some cases

Click here for more details

4) Contribute to a pension

Pension contributions before the year end are a tax efficient way of saving for the future and reducing your tax bill. Advice should be sought from a suitably qualified Independent Financial Advisor to ensure that your particular circumstances are considered.

5)  Use gift aid for donations

Using gift aid for charitable donations has the effect of raising the basic rate tax band and saving 20% tax for higher rate tax payers. So for every 80 pence you donate, your chosen charity receives £1.00. 

6) Use your tax free savings allowance

If you are lucky enough to have surplus cash, make sure that you use your annual ISA allowance. Within an ISA, all income and gains are tax free. 

You can save up to £15,240 for 2016/17 and the limit will be increased to £20,000 for 2017/18. You can choose how you split this between stocks & shares and cash ISAs. 

Click here for more details

7) Use your annual capital gains exemption

If you have personal assets (shares, property etc) and are intending to sell them soon, consider the capital gains tax implications in advance. You may be able to time the sales of shares for example to spread over 2 or more tax years and utilise your £11,100 2016/17 annual exemption effectively. For married couples and civil partners consideration should be given to each spouse/civil partner using their allowance.

Click here for more details

8) Review use of the VAT Flat Rate Scheme

For businesses using the VAT Flat Rate Scheme the government have introduced a new definition of a 'Limited Cost Trader' whose expenditure on goods is less than 2% of VAT inclusive turnover. If using the scheme you should consider if you are a LCT in which case it is likely to be advantageous to revert to Standard VAT Accounting from 1 April 2017.

Click here for more details

9) Set money aside for your tax bill

If you take some of the steps above you should be able to reduce your 2017 tax bill. 

If all or some of your income is not taxed at source however, it is likely that you will be faced with a tax bill for 2016/17.

Setting a percentage of your income to one side to cover your tax bill and placing it in a deposit account is a sensible measure and will help avoid any last minute panics in January trying to find the funds. Another tip is to get your tax return completed as soon after the end of the tax year as possible. This give you an early warning of any additional tax due so that you have sufficient time before the payment deadline in January.

Note - This draws on a Blog first published in February 2016 and is updated for new tax rates and allowances.

www.base52.co.uk

Join our VAT simplification scheme - oops no, that's aggressive tax abuse

The VAT Flat Rate scheme was introduced by HMRC in 2002 as a 'simplification scheme'. The idea being that it was simple and beneficial for the small businesses who were eligible to participate and simpler for HMRC in terms of compliance. Essentially the way it works is that a business pays a lower 'flat rate' VAT to HMRC which varies according to their sector. As a trade off the businesses are not able to recover any VAT on expenditure. So a win/win and small businesses signed up for the flat rate scheme in droves. HMRC even offered a 1% discount on the flat rate for the first year of VAT registration.

So all this changed in the last Autumn statement. HMRC have introduced a new concept of a 'Limited Cost Trader' to describe businesses which have minimal expenditure on HMRC's definition of 'goods'. For these businesses they will need to use a new flat rate of 16.5% of VAT inclusive turnover which by my maths comes out at 19.8%. Er...no thank you, we might give that a miss. 

That's all fine but instead of HMRC saying they got it wrong initially and the rates were too generous (even without the 1% first year discount they threw in) or that economic circumstances have changed, low and behold, HMRC have blamed it all on the businesses who took up the scheme.  There is a Technical Note on HMRC's website with the heading, 'Tackling aggressive abuse of the VAT Flat Rate Scheme'  - as if these businesses were doing something wrong? I'm struggling to understand what is aggressive or abusive about adopting a scheme which HMRC devised and promoted and then changed their minds about.

For many businesses the best option will be to revert to standard VAT accounting and recover VAT on their expenses. Depending on their turnover and business sector some businesses will be a few thousand pounds worse off each year as a result of this change. Coming on the back of the dividend tax introduced last April and pensions auto enrolment it's another unwelcome burden for some of the smallest of small businesses. Implying that it was their fault that the scheme is being changed adds insult to injury.

www.base52.co.uk